Management of Septal Branch Perforation and Septal Hematoma During Retrograde Treatment of Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion Using Fat Embolization.

Septal vessel perforation followed by septal hematoma is a rare complication of retrograde approach for treatment of coronary chronic total occlusions, possibly leading to septal rupture. We report 2 cases of patients with septal vessel perforation and subsequent hematoma successfully treated with autologous fat embolization. Such technique is inexpensive, omnipresent, and relatively easy to perform.

Hemopericardium Following Transseptal Puncture During Balloon Mitral Valvotomy: Management Strategies and Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Hemopericardium is a major complication of balloon mitral valvotomy (BMV). Only a few studies are available to address this issue following transseptal access. In addition, the management strategy regarding completion of BMV is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the incidence of hemopericardium complicating transseptal puncture during BMV. In addition, the management strategy adopted and outcomes are highlighted. METHODS: This prospective study included 29 consecutive patients who developed hemopericardium following transseptal access during BMV. RESULTS: Out of 1424 patients who underwent BMV, hemopericardium developed in 29 patients following transseptal access (2.0%). The mean age of the study cohort was 36.9 ± 13.7 years and 82.8% were women. A second transseptal puncture was done and BMV was completed in 26 patients (89.6%). An acceptable hemodynamic result was obtained in 22 patients (84.6%). Six patients (20.7%) underwent emergency surgery for hemopericardium. The sites of perforation were inferior vena cava-right atrial junction in 4 cases, left atrial posterior wall in 1 case, and left atrial appendage in 1 case. In addition to repair of the perforation, a total of 2 patients underwent mitral valve replacement and 1 patient underwent open mitral commissurotomy. The in-hospital mortality rate was 6.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of hemopericardium complicating transseptal access during BMV was 2.0%, and was associated with a mortality rate of 6.9%. BMV can be safely performed in the same sitting with a second transseptal puncture, in patients with a favorable valve morphology. Surgical intervention can be reserved for a subset of patients with persistent pericardial collection.

New holosystolic murmur after acute myocardial infarction.

In the era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention, mechanical complications after acute myocardial infarction are extremely rare, with an incidence of less than 0.5%. Rupture of the ventricular septum is the least frequent occurrence. Nevertheless, current mortality remains high and a prompt diagnosis and treatment are imperative to increase survival. Despite early surgical repair, mortality still remains high.

Perforación de la pared del ventrículo izquierdo por catéter de arteria pulmonar Swan-Ganz. A propósito de un caso / Perforation of the left ventricle wall due to the insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter. A case report

A pesar de la extendida y frecuente utilización del catéter de arteria pulmonar en nuestro medio para el manejo hemodinámico en pacientes críticos y particularmente en pacientes tras cirugía cardiaca, en la actualidad siguen planteándose dudas sobre la necesidad de su uso. Es preciso valorar el riesgo/beneficio de su colocación y tener en cuenta sus posibles complicaciones, que aun siendo poco frecuentes, pueden llegar a ser potencialmente graves. En este artículo exponemos una complicación muy poco frecuente ocurrida en nuestro centro sobre el uso del catéter de arteria pulmonar de la que no teníamos constancia hasta ahora. Se trata de una perforación del tabique interventricular y de la pared libre del ventrículo izquierdo debido a una acodadura firme del catéter de arteria pulmonar, que no fue sospechada ni diagnosticada salvo por la visión directa del corazón, tras la esternotomía, durante la cirugía cardiaca. La mejora de la seguridad del paciente implica reflexionar sobre el valor de los eventos adversos, de manera que al aumentar la conciencia de la situación y del mecanismo por el que se producen, pueda reducirse la probabilidad de repetición

Despite the widespread and frequent use in our setting of pulmonary artery catheters for haemodynamic management in critically ill patients, particularly after heart surgery, some experts continue to question the need for these devices. Clinicians need to weigh up the risks and benefits of pulmonary artery catheters placement and bear in mind the potential complications which, though rare, can be potentially fatal. We present a pulmonary artery catheters-related complication not hitherto described in the literature, involving perforation of the interventricular septum and left ventricular free wall caused by a kink in the pulmonary artery catheters that was not suspected, and only diagnosed by direct vision of the heart after pericardial opening. In the interest of patient safety, we must consider the impact of adverse events; improving our situational awareness and our understanding of the mechanisms behind such events can help reduce the likelihood of repetitions in the future

Perforation of the left ventricle wall due to the insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter. A case report. / Perforación de la pared del ventrículo izquierdo por catéter de arteria pulmonar Swan-Ganz. A propósito de un caso.

Despite the widespread and frequent use in our setting of pulmonary artery catheters for haemodynamic management in critically ill patients, particularly after heart surgery, some experts continue to question the need for these devices. Clinicians need to weigh up the risks and benefits of pulmonary artery catheters placement and bear in mind the potential complications which, though rare, can be potentially fatal. We present a pulmonary artery catheters-related complication not hitherto described in the literature, involving perforation of the interventricular septum and left ventricular free wall caused by a kink in the pulmonary artery catheters that was not suspected, and only diagnosed by direct vision of the heart after pericardial opening. In the interest of patient safety, we must consider the impact of adverse events; improving our situational awareness and our understanding of the mechanisms behind such events can help reduce the likelihood of repetitions in the future.

Septal Hematoma: A Rare But Potentially Serious Complication of Retrograde CTO-PCI.

The uptake of CTO-PCI and the use of the hybrid approach have increased widely; this has resulted in a new set of complications, some of which are unusual, particularly with the retrograde approach. We present a case of a rare complication of septal collateral perforation resulting in the formation of septal hematoma that fortunately on this occasion did not result in any significant clinical deterioration, and was managed conservatively with a successful outcome. However, on other occasions, the outcome can be more serious.

Direct transatrial pericardiocentesis for tamponade caused by left atrial perforation after trans-septal puncture.

Trans-septal puncture is associated with risks of serious complications. We report a case of an obese 52-year-old man with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who underwent preoperative coronary angiography and cardiac catheterisation complicated by left atrial perforation. We describe a direct transatrial pericardiocentesis approach to treating cardiac tamponade.

Intracoronary electrocardiogram during alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy predicts myocardial injury size.

Alcohol septal ablation (ASA) has been used widely to treat patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). During the routine ASA procedure, it is difficult to detect the septal injury in real-time. The aim of the present study is to assess myocardial injury during ASA by recording intracoronary electrocardiogram (IC-ECG). From 2012 to 2015, 31 HOCM patients were treated with ASA, and IC-ECG was recorded in 21 patients successfully before and after ethanol injection. The elevation of ST-segment on IC-ECG after ethanol injection was expressed as its ratio to the level before injection or the absolute increasing value. Blood samples were collected before and after ASA for measuring changes in cardiac biomarkers. The ratio value of ST-segment elevation was positively correlated with both the amount of ethanol injected (r = 0.645, P = 0.001) and the myocardial injury size (creatine kinase-MB area under the curve (AUC) of CK-MB) (r = 0.466, P = 0.017). The absolute increment of ST-segment was also positively associated with both the amount of ethanol (r = 0.665, P = 0.001) and AUC of CK-MB (0.685, P = 0.001). However, there was no statistical correlation between the reduction of left ventricular outflow tract gradient and ST-segment elevation. Additionally no severe ASA procedure-related complications were observed in our patients. In conclusion, myocardial injury induced by ethanol injection can be assessed immediately by ST-segment elevation on IC-ECG. This study is the first to show that IC-ECG is a useful method for predicting myocardial injury during ASA in real-time.

Transcatheter closure of postmyocardial infarction, iatrogenic, and postoperative ventricular septal defects: The Mayo Clinic experience.

OBJECTIVES: To determine event-free survival after transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD), and to identify predictors of adverse events (AE) in post myocardial infarction VSD (post-MI VSD) subgroup. BACKGROUND: There are limited data on mid-term follow-up after transcatheter VSD closure. METHODS: Retrospective review of 27 cases of transcatheter VSD closure (post-MI = 18 and non-ischemic = 9) performed from 1999 to 2013. We defined AE as death, device embolization, hemolysis requiring blood transfusion, heart block and reintervention. RESULTS: In the post-MI VSD subgroup, mean age and follow-up was 69 ± 11 and 7.3 ± 7 years, respectively. AE occurred in 8 (44%) patients (death-3, device embolization-1, hemolysis-1, surgical VSD closure-2, reintervention-1). Event-free survival was 56% at 1 month and 5 years, and all AE occurred in the periprocedural period. Cardiogenic shock (HR: 3.21, CI: 1.82-5.41, P = 0.002), and VSD closure in acute phase (HR: 2.14, CI: 1.12-4.31, P = 0.004) were independent predictors of AE. In the non-ischemic VSD subgroup, mean age and follow-up was 49 ± 15 and 8.7 ± 8 years, respectively. AE occurred in 3 (33%) patients (late death-1, surgical VSD closure-2). For the entire cohort, freedom from death was 89% and 85% at 1 month and 5 years, and event-free survival was 70% and 61% at 1 month and 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter closure of post-MI VSD carries a moderate risk of periprocedural complications but low event rates afterwards. By comparison, device closure of non-ischemic VSD has lower periprocedural morbidity but some patients continued to experience AE during follow-up.

Traslado aéreo con balón de contrapulsación aórtico de paciente con ruptura del septum interventricular post infarto al miocardio / Air transfer with an aortic balloon counterpulsation of a patient with interventricular septal rupture after myocardial infarction

Introducción: El balón intraaórtico de contrapulsación (BIAC) puede utilizarse como soporte circulatorio en pacientes cuyo tratamiento definitivo no está en el hospital de ingreso y es necesario hacer un traslado pensando en el mejor resultado final para el paciente. No existen reportes nacionales de este tipo de traslado Presentación del caso: Paciente mujer de 62 años con múltiples antecedentes mórbidos fue trasladada desde Tocopilla al Hospital Regional de Antofagasta (HRA), consultando por cuadro de disnea progresiva y dolor en hemiabdomen superior de 72 horas de evolución. Se planteó un síndrome coronario agudo y se solicitó co-ronariografía que reveló una estenosis de la arteria descendente anterior en su 1/3 medio en un 80%. Se realizó una angioplastía con Stent DES. Al llegar a UCI destaca soplo pansistólico en foco mitral solicitándose ecocar-diograma Doppler Color que mostró una comunicación interventricular (CIV) (Figura 1). Se instaló un balón de contrapulsación intra aórtico (Figura 2) y se planificó el traslado aéreo al Hospital Gustavo Fricke (HGF) que se efectuó sin incidentes (Figura 3). Tres días después se cerró la CIV manteniendo el balón de contrapulsación intra aórtico. Un ecocardiograma de control mostró una CIV residual de 0,7 mm y la evolución clínica posterior fue satisfactoria. Al 13er día post operación se constató una infección de la herida operatoria. Se trató con an-tibióticoterapia y aseo quirúrgico en 4 oportunidades, evolucionando satisfactoriamente. Se trasladó de regreso al Hospital de Antofagasta sin complicaciones y finalmente se dio de alta.

Introduction: Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) has been used for many years. IABC serves as circulatory support in patients where definitive care is not in the admission hospital. There are not reports of air transport with IABC in our national reality. Case report: A 62 year old patient with multiple morbid history was derived from Tocopilla to Antofagasta's Regional Hospital (ARH), she consulted for progressive dyspnea and abdominal pain 72 hours ago. We diagnosed acute coronary syndrome and the coronariography informs coronary stenosis of the anterior descending artery in the middle third about 80%. Angioplasty with stent is performed. The patient arrived to UCI, in the physical examination stands mitral pansystolic murmur. Color doppler echocardiography was requested: highlight interventricular comunication (IVC). Counterpulsation balloon is positioned and we planned the air transport to Gustavo Fricke Hospital (HGF). Transfer HRA-HGF was performed uneventfully with stable patient. 3 days after, IVC is closed and maintains IABC. Control echocardiography reports 0.7 mm residual IVC with satisfactory clinical course. At the 13th post-surgical day, the wound becomes infected and she is treated with antibiotic therapy and surgical toilet in 4 opportunities to evolve successfully. The HGF-HRA transfer is done without complications, his recuperation is satisfactory and she is discharged from the ARH. Discussion: There is evidence that the air tranfers with BIAC are safe, always considering factors such as the expansion of gases and electronic failures.

Management of venous bullet embolus in a child.

Bullet embolus is a rare complication of penetrating missile injury in children with only a handful of case reports. We describe a seven year old with a venous bullet embolus to the right ventricle.

An iatrogenic atrioventricular septal defect that developed following transfemoral TAVI.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is sometimes associated with severe complications due to the unpredictability of such closed-chest procedures. Reported complications include atrioventricular blocks, vascular complications, aortic root rupture, aorto-right ventricular fistulas, and aortic dissections. Herein is presented the case of an 88-year-old female with a late atrioventricular septal defect that developed after TAVI.